# Interest Over Several Periods

In this section, you’ll learn what happens when $n$ has a value greater than $1$. In other words, there is more than one time period over which interest will compound.

Over time, this can lead to significant increases in the balance, because compounding interest means that interest is being calculated based on prior interest.

When saving, compound interest is quite appealing, because it gives you more money. But with credit cards and loans, compound interest means you end up paying interest charges on interest you’ve already been charged!

Formula

### Interestcalculations

 ${K}_{n}={K}_{0}\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1+\frac{p}{100}\right)}^{n}$

where ${K}_{0}$ is the initial balance, and $p$ is the interest rate. After $n$ periods (or number of times the interest is added) the capital is ${K}_{n}$.

Example 1

### Interest over time

You borrow $\text{}\text{}5000\text{}$ from the bank to finance your graduation party. The bank decides that you have to pay $\text{}40\text{}\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}\text{%}$ in interest per year. You ask to pay the total amount in five years. How much do you have to pay back?

The initial balance is ${K}_{0}=5000$. ${K}_{n}$ is unknown, $p=40$ and $n=5$. You can put these figures straight into the formula and solve the equation: $\begin{array}{llll}\hfill {K}_{n}& =5000\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1+\frac{40}{100}\right)}^{5}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill & =5000\cdot 1.{4}^{5}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill & =26\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}891.2\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\end{array}$

Example 3

### Interest over time

Your grandfather was always a cool guy. In his will, he has left his classic car to you. He bought the car 55 years ago, and it cost $\text{}\text{}5000\text{}$ at the time. The annual increase in the car’s value is $\text{}5\text{}\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}\text{%}$. How much is the car worth today?

Again, begin by finding out where in the formula the different numbers fit. In this case, ${K}_{0}=5000$, $p=5$, $n=55$, and ${K}_{n}$ is the unknown. Plug these straight into the formula and solve the equation to find the answer: $\begin{array}{llll}\hfill {K}_{n}& ={K}_{0}\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1+\frac{p}{100}\right)}^{n}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill & =5000\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1+\frac{5}{100}\right)}^{55}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill & =5000{\left(1+0.05\right)}^{55}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill & =5000\cdot 1.0{5}^{55}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill & \approx 73\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}178\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\end{array}$

The car is worth \$$73\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}178$ today.

Example 4

### Find the interest rate

Ola bought a car for $\text{}\text{}25\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}000\text{}$ 15 years ago. The present value of the car is $\text{}\text{}2200\text{}$. What was the yearly percentage decrease in value for Ola’s car?

Again you can begin by finding where the numbers go in the formula. In this case we know that ${K}_{0}=25\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}000$, ${K}_{n}=2200$, $n=15$, and $p$ is the unknown we want to find. Insert this information into the formula to get the answer. As $p$ is unknown inside the parenthesis raised to the power of 15, you need to take the 15th root to solve the equation:

$\begin{array}{llll}\hfill 25\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}000& =2200\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1-\frac{p}{100}\right)}^{15}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill \frac{25\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}000}{2200}& =\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1-\frac{p}{100}\right)}^{15}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill 11.36& =\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1-\frac{p}{100}\right)}^{15}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill \sqrt[15]{0.088}& =\sqrt[15]{\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1-\frac{p}{100}\right)}^{15}}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill 0.85& =1-\frac{p}{100}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill -0.15& =-\frac{p}{100}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill p& =15\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{llllllll}\hfill 25\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}000& =2200\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1-\frac{p}{100}\right)}^{15}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}|÷22\phantom{\rule{0.17em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill 11.36& =\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1-\frac{p}{100}\right)}^{15}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill \sqrt[15]{0.088}& =\sqrt[15]{\phantom{\rule{-0.17em}{0ex}}{\left(1-\frac{p}{100}\right)}^{15}}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill 0.85& =1-\frac{p}{100}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill -0.15& =-\frac{p}{100}\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}|\cdot -100\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\\ \hfill p& =15\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}& \hfill & \phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\end{array}$

The yearly decrease in value was $15$ %.